Indonesian Review of English Education, Linguistics, and Literature

Illocutionary acts as part of the study of Pragmatics concern with the speakers’ intended meaning when they make utterances. The intended meaning can be the same as the literal meaning in the locution or it has different meaning depending on the context of the utterances. This paper reports on the illocutionary acts in the text of “Gender Equality in the 2030 Agenda” that is released in a press conference held by United Nations Women on February 15, 2018. Using categorization of type of Illocutionary acts from Yule (1996), that are representative, directive, commissive, expressive, and declarative. This study asked the question of what kind of illocutionary acts are found in the text and what is the dominant of them. The data was collected through documentation from UN women’s press website. This study found 5 types of illocutionary acts with a total of 44 data. The results of the study showed 27 representative illocutionary acts consisting of 1 warning, 7 assumptions, 10 demands, 6 affirmations, 1 stating, and 2 hypotheses, while commissive was found in total of 8 data, consisting of 3 promises, 1 swears, 3 advises, and 1 does. Directives type of illocution was found only in 2 utterances; both are about advice. Expressive Illocution was found in 3 data, comprising 1 praise, 2 thank. Lastly, directive was found in 4 utterances with 3 states and 1 asks. Therefore, the most widely used illocutionary speech act is representative with 27 utterances.


Introduction
Pragmatics is roughly described as the science of using language in context.This is different from semantics which is a literal meaning that is independent of a context.This means that pragmatics is part of our knowledge of how to process language quickly because pragmatics competence is implicit, known at a certain stage, and usually not available in the explicit examination.This is why context is very important in pragmatics because context is assumed to be the background knowledge that both the speaker and the listener have and what is involved in the listener's interpretation of the speaker's intended message with a particular utterance.Pragmatics is the branch of linguistics that concentrates on the meaning of language and its relationship to the context in which it is spoken.
Pragmatics does not only focus on the lexical meaning of language, but also on the meaning associated with contextual meaning.
The understanding of pragmatics focuses on the meaning of context can be explained by when someone asks "how was your day?" and the other person answered "nightmare".The real or semantically meaning of "nightmare" is a nightmare.However, the meaning of the context in Pragmatics is different, in the answer from the interlocutor the word "nightmare" can be interpreted that the speaker having a bad day or the speaker has had bad luck today, and other meanings related to the meaning of a bad day.This study of the meaning of science is what will be studied in pragmatics.
The speech act is one of the sciences in pragmatics.George Yule "They not only produce utterances that contain grammatical elements and words, but they also perform actions through speech".For example, when a mother acts in the speech "Mother has prepared breakfast".When a mother said that story in the kitchen of a house, she not only gave information to one member in the house but to all members in the house.And maybe the mother also has a request for the whole family to get ready for breakfast.Actions performed through an utterance are called speech acts.When studying acts, the listener will understand the meaning of each utterance conveyed by the speaker.So it can be concluded that speech act activity is a communication activity (locutionary) that has an intention (illocutionary) and occurs when speaking and has the effect or response expected (perlocutionary) by the listener after the speaker has finished saying the sentence.
Illocutionary Acts in speech acts are the main analysis in this analytical study.Illocutionary Acts are related to the speaker's intentions and the goals to be achieved by speaking.To study Illocutionary Acts in this case we need more knowledge to interpret and understand the speaker's utterances with the intended meaning.As stated in Yule's (1996:53) statement quoted in (Sintamutiani et al., 2019) he explains that Illocutionary Acts are divided into five types consisting of representative, directive, commissive, expressive, and declarative.Some people still regard Illocutionary Acts as something foreign.Although they also often perform Illocutionary Acts in everyday life.Based on the statement (Yule, 1996:48)   UN Women is an institution under the auspices of the United Nations.The UN itself has several small organizations under it or programs, each of which has a focus on the problems to be handled (Ramadhan, 2018).One of the organizations or programs under the UN is UN Women.It is a UN organization dedicated to gender equality and women's empowerment.
This press conference discussed gender equality, the rights, and protection of women and children around the world, cases of physical, mental, and sexual violence against women and children which will become the development agenda in 2030.This press conference invites the whole world to provide protection and comfort for women and children around the world.
It is important to discuss this research considering the many cases of sexual violence that have recently occurred in Indonesia.There are almost 7 known cases of violence against women and children.Physical, psychological and sexual violence are increasing day by day and appearing on the surface.This is relevant to increasing public awareness of the importance of mutual respect for fellow genders and the obligation to provide comfort to others.Women and children have the right to protection and a comfortable place.The relationship between linguistics and the press conference material is to understand the meaning of the text contained in the speaker's context in order to produce the appropriate meaning.Meaning that is in accordance with the core of the message conveyed by the speaker prevents misunderstanding.By understanding the meaning conveyed, it is hoped that.
This study was intended to answer the following research questions: 1. What are the kinds of Illocutionary Act used by the speakers on United Nations women press conference: 'gender equality in the 2030 agenda'?
2. What is the kind of Illocutionary Act mostly used by the speakers on United Nations women press conference: 'gender equality in the 2030 agenda'?

Literature review
Pragmatics (Yule, 1996:3) Words (1962).Then the development of speech acts was continued by a philosopher who also came from America named J.R Searle.The two philosophers agreed that the notion of speech acts is speech that provides a term description and has the speaker's intention and influence on the listener in linguistics.Through speech, a speaker can influence other people to do something in accordance with the intent of the speech.Speech acts are actions that are carried out through speech (Yule, 1996: 48).
According to Searle (in Nadar 2009:14), speech acts are the most basic and simple units of communication, such as: asking, ordering, affirming, explaining, apologizing, thanking, congratulating, etc.So it can be concluded that when someone says and does something that has the meaning of application, and action.
According to Yule (1996:47) "in attempting to express themselves, people do not only produce utterances containing grammatical structures and words, they also perform actions via those utterances".In communication, people do not only deliver utterances which have been structured but they also perform certain force in their utterances.In understanding the form of the utterances, we have known three forms of acts which are subdivision of speech act, such as locutionary act, illocutionary act, and perlocutionary act.The followings are the discussion of three types of acts which become the main core in human speech: speech acts are classified into three categories, namely locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary acts.Locutionary acts are the results of speech, with certain structures, meanings, and references that are intended and related to linguistic meaning or grammatical (phonological) forms.This kind of speech act can also be said as an act of saying something (Wijana, 1996: 17).
Illocutionary acts are actions that speakers do by saying something that has the right meaning and in the appropriate context and not because it gets the result of a certain effect by saying something.The illocutionary function or also called illocutionary style is the intent of the speaker's special expressions and intentions.This kind of speech act can also be said as an act of saying something (Wijana, 1996: 17).Perlocutionary acts are speech acts that depend on the creation of effects produced by the listener.Perlocutionary speech acts are also referred to as acts of influencing someone (Wijana, 1996: 19).In perlocutionary the speaker tries to influence the listener to do what the speaker wants, this is called the perlocutionary effect.
Illocutionary acts are complete speech acts, meaning that they are acts of doing something according to the specific purpose of the speaker's purpose, such as giving promises, making statements, making orders, denying, making predicates of giving, and 54-66 IREELL (Indonesian Review of English Education, Linguistics, and Literature) Vol. 1 No. 1 2023

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Fadzila | Illocutionary Act Analysis on United Nations Women Press: Gender asking for information, etc.According to Yule (1996:48) illocutionary acts are actions that occur through a communicative power of an utterance.Illocutionary acts can also be interpreted as doing an action in saying something.Illocutionary acts have a function not only to say something but also to do something.Therefore, this act is known as the act of doing something (Wijana, 1996: 18).Illocutionary acts are more difficult to identify than locutionary acts, because when we identify illocutionary acts we must consider who the speaker and listener are, when and where the conversation takes place, etc.So, illocutionary acts are central to understanding speech acts.
There are five types of illocutionary acts, namely; representative, directive, commissive, declarative, and expressive.Representative has mean is to state what the speaker believes to be the case or not.This can be a statement of fact, assertion, conclusion, and description.
The speakers must use words that correspond to the world (beliefs).Examples would be: affirm, believe, conclude, report.The speaker used to make other people do something according to their speech is called directive.Speakers will express their wishes to listeners.In short, the directive is the speaker trying to do something.Examples would be: ask, challenge, command, and request.
Another type is called Commissive it is used by speakers to attach themselves to future actions, such as promises.In using the speaker's commissive it is done to make the world according to the words by the speaker says.Examples are: bet, guarantee, pledge, promise, oath, etc.The type of declarative speech act will change the world through the speech.The point is that declarative speech acts are used by speakers through words to change the world.For example, when the pastor says: Now I declare you husband and wife.Then those who get the utterance will change according to the words that have been spoken.The last type is expressive are used to express what the speaker feels.They express psychological states such as pleasure, pain, likes, dislikes, joy, or sorrow.This is caused by the things experienced by the speaker.

Methods
In this descriptive qualitative study, the data was gathered by documentation technique from the UN women press conference.The transcript was taken from the UN site and validated by cross check it against the press conference video.The data was then analyzed using illocutionary acts framework as proposed by Yule (1996).

Conference: 'Gender Equality in the 2030 Agenda'
In this part, the writer uses the data from the utterance into paragraph.The writer writes the utterance and decides the type of illocutionary act.Then, elaborates each meaning of the data.
Fadzila | Illocutionary Act Analysis on United Nations Women Press: Gender

Representative
Representative or can be called assertive is a speech act that binds the speaker to something that is happening or it can be said that the appearance of a speaker where he conveys the words of a truth that they believe.These actions often do not represent themselves but represent a situation.Based on research conducted, found 27 representative types, consisting of 1 warning, 7 assuming, 10 claiming, 6 affirming, 1 stating, and 2 hypothesize.Here is one example of an analysis of claiming.The next example still with the same speaker is the illocutionary form of assumption.Ms.
PhumzileMlambo-Ngcuka assumes that it is normal for everyone to see sexual harassment happening today.This utterance answers a question from the same person, Shirin Bryce, who asked about an allegation of sexual harassment that can damage someone's career without going through the proper process.

Commissive
Commissive is an utterance of speech acts that binds the speaker to the future.Based on the research conducted, found 8 commissive types, consisting of 3 promising, 1 vowing, 3 advising, and 1 committing.Here is one example of an analysis of commissives, promising.
a.That they'll be louder voices that believes in support women.
That utterance was made by Ms. PhumzileMlambo-Ngcuka, she promised that women would become a supporter of the movement if they were given the opportunity to take part in policy making.
b.We still have a long way to go.
The next example still with the same speaker is the illocutionary form of committing.The statement was made by SharaRazavi, head of research and data and lead author of the report on gender equality in the 2030 agenda, giving a commitment that the next 15 years will be a challenge to achieve a target.The target in question is eradicating FGM (Female Genital Mutilation) according to the question posed by Joseph Klein from Canada Free Press "I wonder if you can comment on female genital mutilation and whether you had focused Fadzila | Illocutionary Act Analysis on United Nations Women Press: Gender on that at all in compiling your report and whether you believe that that should be a subject for legislation against violence"

Directives
Directives are utterances that make the listener do something according to what the speaker wants.Based on the research conducted, only found 2 directives types, they are 1 advising and 1 suggestion.Here is one example of an analysis of directives, advising.
a.You have them to take it to the police.
Mrs. PhumzileMlambo-Ngcuka made this statement.She prefers to advise those who make reports where the UN does provide many solutions but they do not always have the capacity to handle all cases at the level of speed that many victims and survivors will respond to.So it would be better if they took him to the police before proceeding with further investigation by the UN.statement in response to a quote from Matthew Lee from the Inner City Press "in ensuring that the UN itself lives up to the standards of a fair hearing for complainants and not covering you know not covering up as the complainant, in that case, fails feels".

b. I have to give some credibility to the media in the US about the way in which they have covered the women.
The second statement is still the same expressed by Mrs. PhumzileMlambo-Ngcuka, she gives advice to the media in the US on how to cover the right news and of course, it can be right on target to the world.This statement answers a question from Stefano baqara Radiology a la Boucherie in New York where he asks how the media relates to the organization when covering and broadcasting news which in the process must pass through the White House or the presidential palace of the President of the United States of America.
That has come out.

Expressive
Expressive is one of the speech acts that make known the speaker's" psychological attitude to a presupposed state of affairs.Based on research conducted, found 3 expressive types, 1 praising, 2 thanking.Here is one example of an analysis of expressive, praising.

a. They all shine in terms of availability of data.
Jeanette Ascona, who is a research and data specialist, has said this.She stated that the selected country to be the object of research had good and interesting data.

Declarative
Declarative that is to say, the world is in some way no longer the same after they have been said Based on research conducted, found 4 declarative types, 3 declaring 1 asking.Here is one example of an analysis of acute declarative, declaring.
a. We emphasize the importance of legislation.
Jeanette Ascona has made this declaration.She explained that a culture does not prevent the rule of law from being enforced.She explains that United Nations Women emphasizes the importance of legislation but also that legislation itself is not enough and that is mainly because of the type of argument sometimes presented that it is an important part of a culture.This explanation answers a question by Joseph Klein of the Canada Free Press about the legality of female genital mutilation (FGM) with some cultural sensitivity to it.

b. Let me just explain the this we had four
Second example is example of an analysis of acute declarative, asking.The utterance was said by SharaRazavi.She explained that there were four countries that were analyzed and made a group of women researched this answered questions from the Pakistani side.

Press Conference: 'Gender Equality in the 2030 Agenda'
Based on the findings that have been presented by the researcher, it can be concluded that the speech or utterance used by main the speakers they are Ms.PhumzileMlambo-Ngcuka, ShahraRazavi, and Ginette Azcona Research uses a lot of representative illocutionary types.
It can be seen that 11.88%% of the findings are representative illocutionary types.And 1.188% of the population that has been found representative illocutionary type is the type of representative claiming.Can be described in the following There are two questions in this study, the first is the type of illocutionary act and the second is the most widely used type of illocutionary act.Analyzing the data from the research results show that there are 5 illocutionary acts in accordance with the theory presented by George Yule.Based on George Yule's theory, it is stated that there are 5 illocutionary acts, namely representative commissive, expressive directives, and declarative.The results of the study obtained data with representative illocutionary acts 27, commissive 8, directive 2, expressive 3, and declarative 4.And from the findings above it can be concluded that in this study there were five illocutionary acts and the most dominating were representative.The underlying reason why representative illocutionary acts dominate in this press conference is that it contains factual information or in the form of facts and opinions for listeners and reader.
In the representative itself, there are three highest orders of the illocutionary representative type, namely, claiming, assuming and affirming.Based on 27 representative illocutionary data types that have been found, there are 10 types of claiming data.The type of claiming that underlies the findings this time is because the sample used is in the form of a report text which reports data in accordance with the existing facts.They present, answer, and disclose data in a concrete and factual manner.In this sense representative illocutionary acts themselves are defined as speech acts that function to determine or explain something as it is.For example, "We have data on legislation in countries on sexual and reproductive rights".
They claim to their listeners and readers that they have data on state laws governing sexual and reproductive rights.Another action in this speech is to convince the audience about the validation of the data they have.
Next is the representative illocutionary type with assumptions.Assuming it has 7 data from 27 representative illocutionary types.Assuming or having the meaning of an assumption that is accepted as the basis or basis for thinking because it is considered true."I think this is still was trying to diet but it's going to in the amount of much" is one form of assumption utterance.From the utterance, it can be explained that the narrative assumes to try to Fadzila | Illocutionary Act Analysis on United Nations Women Press: Gender reduce the existing data but the data that occurs is increasing.The speaker believes this assumption that although the data presented can be reduced, the facts on the ground explain that the possibility of more data is available.This action has the intention of knowing the listener about the accurate assumptions they have.
The other types of illocutionary acts that have highest data is affirming.They have 6 from 27 data.For the example "we actually need more stories like that".The speakers said that they needed more stories that would later be used as objects of their research and as a form of evidence that crimes against women, children, and gender were true.It can be seen in the speech that the word actually means 'the honest'.Actually is used to state a fact, to show that a situation exists or occurs, or to emphasize that it is true.This is in line with the representative meaning which has the meaning of a speech act that remembers its narrative to the truth of what it says (Rustono, 1999:39).An understanding that explains that emphasizing something is true then the sentence is clearly an affirming type.Affirmative speech acts have the aim of strengthening the listener that something that exists is real and factual.
The other three top data are the illocutionary forms of promising, advising, and declaring.
they have a total of 3 data from each illocutionary form of 44 data.The promising illocutionary type gives the listener purpose about their promise."I'll be the first one to say that we actually have a lot of room to improve ourselves" is one form of promising speech.
They promise that it will be an organization that continues to improve itself to be better in order to overcome even the crimes that happen to women, children, and gender around the world.Another goal is to instill the listener's trust and readers that they are an organization capable of dealing with these problems.This can be categorized as a campaign act in which they carry out actions and efforts aimed at gaining support.
Still with commissive illocutionary acts but with a different type, namely advising.Advising itself has a goal to provide something better than what is currently happening with the aim that later others will improve themselves.The relation between advising illocutionary acts and research subjects is that they give advice to listeners to be wiser in drawing conclusions from the data that has been obtained and can be used as a reference in improving themselves.The last one is the illocutionary act of declaring.Declaring is announcing something clearly, unequivocally, openly, or officially.However, the illocutionary act has the meaning that when the declarative utterance is spoken, it will change a person's world afterward.The relations between the illocutionary act of declaring and the research subject is an activity carried out in representing interests with the aim of getting the meaning of the same rights and obligations or providing support to other parties on their own behalf or on behalf of the group.
There are several studies that have been done previously regarding speech acts in the previous research.The first was conducted by Salsabila (2021) in her study which examined Fadzila | Illocutionary Act Analysis on United Nations Women Press: Gender Shakira's speech at WISE Conference Qatar Summit on November 21, 2019, in Qatar.In this research there were four kinds of illocutionary act that appeared in some utterances of the speech, they were 23 assretives, 5 directives, 3 expressives, and 2 commisives.From the data above the researcher only find four types and there were no declarative found in the speech.
The similarity of the results found in Salsabila's research where the most widely used illocutionary acts are representative or assertive is because, in speeches and press conferences, the sentences used are in the form of facts and opinions held by the speaker.
While the difference between this study and previous studies is that the 5 illocutionary acts are present in the subject of this study.And also the subject of the study is different between the previous study.
Furthermore, in previous research that examined speech acts carried out by Umar (2016) in this writing, he only focused on illocutionary acts and perlocutionary acts contained in President Jokowi's speech.The results of this study there are two conclusions, the first is that the author finds the types of communication functions in illocutionary acts, there are 9 representative, 2 expressive, and 6 commissive, which means that in the speech there are no directives and declarations.And the second is about the perlocutionary speech act of this speech getting a response or effect from the listener who listens to the speech.
So it can be concluded that in this study there are found 5 types of illocutionary acts with a total of 44 data.The results of the study obtained data with 27 representative illocutionary acts consisting of 1 warning, 7 assumptions, 10 demands, 6 affirmations, 1 stating, and 2 hypotheses, ommissive 8 consisting of 3 promises, 1 swears, 3 advises, and 1 does, directives 2 ; 1 advise and 1 advice, expressive 3; 1 praise, 2 thank, and express 4; 3 states 1 asks.and the most widely used illocutionary speech act is representative of the claim where there are 10 data from 27 representative data and a total of 44 data.In this study there are all types of illocutionary acts in can be found because in press conference activities there is reciprocity between listeners and speakers.It is this reciprocity or response that distinguishes the results of the current study from some previous studies that only involved one-way conversations.
This research can be pedagogical implicative in teacher pedagogy.This can be used by teachers in learning interactions in the classroom.For example, representative illocutionary acts can be implied in the form of stating, complaining, and claiming.Representative speech acts usually appear at the beginning of learning and when the teacher explains the material.
The function of the representative in implications in the classroom is the function of stating or telling so that students understand and know what they will learn the next.

Conclusion
Illocutionary acts are speech acts that do not only say an utterance but have a certain meaning in the utterance.Based on George Yule's theory, illocutionary acts are divided into that 54-66 IREELL (Indonesian Review of English Education, Linguistics, and Literature) Vol. 1 No. 1 2023 56 Fadzila | Illocutionary Act Analysis on United Nations Women Press: Gender the Illocutionary power is when someone may speak to make statements, offers, and explanations or for other communicative purposes.Illocutionary acts can be found in films, songs, speeches, press conferences, etc.This will be used by researchers to study the illocutionary acts contained in the press conference hosted by Ms. PhumzileMlambo-Ngcuka, as Executive Director of UN Women.She was then accompanied by ShahraRazavi, Head of Research and Data at UN Women and lead author of the report "Gender Equality in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development".And Ginette Azcona Research and Data Specialist from UN Women in the main report "Gender Equality in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development".
a.It takes us a lot of time to collect data.This first example is an utterance of the illocutionary form of claiming.Ms. PhumzileMlambo-Ngcuka as executive director of United Nations Women claims that she and members of the United Nations Women organization took a long time to collect data when conducting research.This answers a thorny question posed by a broadcaster from South Africa named Shirin Bryce in which he poses a validation question from the data that United Nations Women has obtained in their research.b.Everyone can see how prevalent sexual harassment is.
The countries mentioned are Nigeria, Pakistan, Colombia, and the USA.They have data available for reports that are in the data are a very positive feature.This answers a question that demands an explanation from Massoud Heather, representative of the Delhi Dawn newspaper of Pakistan why is Pakistan always the object of research in this kind of research, 54-66 IREELL (Indonesian Review of English Education, Linguistics, and Literature) Vol. 1 No. 1 2023 61 Fadzila | Illocutionary Act Analysis on United Nations Women Press: Gender even though the United Nations is a global organization, and can research parts of other countries besides Pakistan.
54-66 IREELL (Indonesian Review of English Education, Linguistics, and Literature) Vol. 1 No. 1 202365Fadzila | Illocutionary Act Analysis on United Nations Women Press: Gender 5, namely representative commissive, expressive, directive and declarative.A representative has the meaning of an utterance that expresses the speaker's belief or disbelief in a case this is based on the facts possessed by the speaker, the next is commissive is an utterance that gives a commitment to the future.Expressive means utterances that indicate the psychological state of the speaker at that time in a presupposed state or utterances that express the speaker's feelings.The next is the directive, which is to make the listener do what the speaker wants and the last is declarative, that is, if an utterance is spoken it will make a person's world different.This action is carried out by oneself and this action is also manifested by oneself.After analyzing the findings from the research, the writer wants to make a conclusion.In this study, researchers discussed a press conference held by the United Nations in 2018 with the title UN Women on "Gender Equality in the 2030 Agenda" by main the speakers they are Ms.PhumzileMlambo-Ngcuka, Executive Director of UN Women, ShahraRazavi, Head of Research and Data at UN Women and lead author of the and Ginette Azcona Research and Data Specialist from UN Women in the main report.This study found 5 illocutionary acts with a total of 44 data.The results of the study obtained data with representative illocutionary acts 27, commissive 8, directive 2, expressive 3, and declarative 4. and the most widely used illocutionary speech act is representative of claiming where there are 10 data from 27 representative data and 44 total data.
is a study of contextual meaning related to the context of conversation which involves interpretation of what people mean in a particular context and 54-66 IREELL (Indonesian Review of English Education, Linguistics, and Literature) Vol. 1 No. 1 2023 57 Fadzila | Illocutionary Act Analysis on United Nations Women Press: Gender how context affects what is said.So it can be concluded that Pragmatics is a branch of linguistics that investigates the way language is tied to the context in which it is used.One of main discussion in Pragmatics is Speech Act.Speech Act was first developed by John L. Austin in his book entitled How to Do Things with

table : Table 1 .
Types of Illocution in the Press ConferenceFrom the table above, it can be concluded that the most data held are representative type illocutions, especially in claiming.The claiming type itself has a percentage of 4.4% of the total data.The conclusion that can be drawn is that the most common use of illocutionary utterances in the PBB is the representative illocutionary type, especially claiming.