Transformation of Education and Human Resource Development in The Era of AI: Global Challenges and Indonesia's Readiness

Abstract

This study analyses the transformation of education and human resource (HR) development in the era of artificial intelligence (AI), placing Indonesia in the context of global change. The research uses a qualitative-descriptive approach through literature review of UNESCO, the World Economic Forum (WEF), the Central Statistics Agency (BPS), and academic literature related to education, technology, skills, and human resource policies. The results of the study show that AI is not only changing learning tools, but also objectives, processes, assessments, teacher competencies, data governance, and the relationship between education and the job market. The WEF estimates that 39% of workers' core skills will change or become obsolete by 2025–2030, while AI and big data are the skill groups with the fastest growth in demand. UNESCO emphasizes the importance of human-centered approaches, ethics, security, privacy, and AI competencies. In the Indonesian context, readiness is still uneven due to differences in digital access, teacher and lecturer capacity, learning quality, data literacy, and the connection between education and industry needs. The research recommends a national strategy that integrates AI literacy, strengthening educator competencies, project-based learning, lifelong reskilling and upskilling, equitable distribution of digital infrastructure, responsible AI governance, and government-education-industry partnerships. Educational transformation must be directed not to replace humans, but to strengthen human abilities to be productive, critical, creative, ethical, adaptive, and able to create new value.